Gravedad en pacientes traumáticos ingresados en UCI. Modelos fisiológicos y anatómicos / Severity scores in trauma patients admitted to ICU. Physiological and anatomic models

Introducción: Comparar los scores de gravedad anatómicos y fisiológicos en los pacientes traumáticos ingresados en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y crear modelos combinados que mejoren su precisión. Método: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte observacional. UCI polivalente de un hospital universitario de 2.o nivel. Se incluyeron los pacientes traumáticos mayores de 16 años ingresados en UCI (n=780). Se comparan los modelos anatómicos (ISS, NISS) con los modelos fisiológicos (T-RTS, APACHE II [APII]), MPM II). La probabilidad de muerte se calculó según metodología TRISS. La discriminación se valoró mediante curvas ROC (ABC [IC 95%]) y la calibración con el estadístico H de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Los modelos combinados se realizaron con metodología de árboles de clasificación tipo Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection. Resultados: Mortalidad global del 14%. Los modelos fisiológicos son los que presentan mejores valores de discriminación (APII con 0,87 [0,84-0,90]). Todos los modelos tienen una mala calibración (p<0,01). El mejor modelo combinado es el que utiliza APII junto a ISS (0,88 [0,83-0,90]) y encuentra un grupo de pacientes (valores de APII entre 10-17) que necesita la puntuación ISS (punto de corte de 22) para diferenciar entre mortalidad del 7,5% asociada a pacientes mayores con antecedentes patológicos y del 25,0% en pacientes con mayor presencia de TCE. Conclusiones: Los modelos fisiológicos presentan ventajas sobre los anatómicos en los pacientes traumáticos ingresados en UCI. Los pacientes con puntuaciones bajas en los modelos fisiológicos requieren del análisis anatómico de las lesiones para determinar su gravedad

Introduction: The goals of this project were to compare both the anatomic and physiologic severity scores in trauma patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), and to elaborate mixed statistical models to improve the precision of the scores. Methods: A prospective study of cohorts. The combined medical/surgical ICU in a secondary university hospital. Seven hundred and eighty trauma patients admitted to ICU older than 16 years of age. Anatomic models (ISS and NISS) were compared and combined with physiological models (T-RTS, APACHE II [APII], and MPM II). The probability of death was calculated following the TRISS method. The discrimination was assessed using ROC curves (ABC [CI 95%]), and the calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshoẃs H test. The mixed models were elaborated with the tree classification method type Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection. Results: A 14% global mortality was recorded. The physiological models presented the best discrimination values (APII of 0.87 [0.84-0.90]). All models were affected by bad calibration (P<.01). The best mixed model resulted from the combination of APII and ISS (0.88 [0.83-0.90]). This model was able to differentiate between a 7.5% mortality for elderly patients with pathological antecedents and a 25% mortality in patients presenting traumatic brain injury, from a pool of patients with APII values ranging from 10 to 17 and an ISS threshold of 22. Conclusions: The physiological models perform better than the anatomical models in traumatic patients admitted to the ICU. Patients with low scores in the physiological models require an anatomic analysis of the injuries to determine their severity

Severity scores in trauma patients admitted to ICU. Physiological and anatomic models. / Gravedad en pacientes traumáticos ingresados en UCI. Modelos fisiológicos y anatómicos.

INTRODUCTION: The goals of this project were to compare both the anatomic and physiologic severity scores in trauma patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), and to elaborate mixed statistical models to improve the precision of the scores. METHODS: A prospective study of cohorts. The combined medical/surgical ICU in a secondary university hospital. Seven hundred and eighty trauma patients admitted to ICU older than 16 years of age. Anatomic models (ISS and NISS) were compared and combined with physiological models (T-RTS, APACHE II [APII], and MPM II). The probability of death was calculated following the TRISS method. The discrimination was assessed using ROC curves (ABC [CI 95%]), and the calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshows H test. The mixed models were elaborated with the tree classification method type Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection. RESULTS: A 14% global mortality was recorded. The physiological models presented the best discrimination values (APII of 0.87 [0.84-0.90]). All models were affected by bad calibration (P<.01). The best mixed model resulted from the combination of APII and ISS (0.88 [0.83-0.90]). This model was able to differentiate between a 7.5% mortality for elderly patients with pathological antecedents and a 25% mortality in patients presenting traumatic brain injury, from a pool of patients with APII values ranging from 10 to 17 and an ISS threshold of 22. CONCLUSIONS: The physiological models perform better than the anatomical models in traumatic patients admitted to the ICU. Patients with low scores in the physiological models require an anatomic analysis of the injuries to determine their severity.

Factores predictores de mortalidad en la sepsis urinaria con obstrucción ureteral / Mortality predictive factors in patients with urinary sepsis associated to upper urinary tract calculi

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con sepsis urológica obstructiva por litiasis ureteral que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e identificar los factores predictores de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas del ingreso. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo durante un periodo de 16 años (1996-2011). ÁMBITO: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos polivalente de 20 camas de un hospital universitario de 2.° nivel. PACIENTES: Todos los pacientes que ingresaron en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por sepsis urológica obstructiva. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. VARIABLES DE INTERÉS PRINCIPALES: Variables clínicas y analíticas generales y relacionadas con el proceso urológico. Método diagnóstico, técnica desobstructiva, germen aislado y tratamiento. Análisis de factores de riesgo mediante regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: Ciento siete pacientes ingresados con una mortalidad del 19,6%. El diagnóstico fue mayoritariamente por ecografía y la técnica descompresiva más utilizada fue la colocación de catéter ureteral doble J. Se aisló germen en el 48,6% de los pacientes. El 20,6% presentaron bacteriemia. En el análisis multivariante, la edad, el fallo renal agudo y el uso de drogas vasoactivas en las primeras 24 horas del ingreso se relacionaron de forma independiente con la mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: La edad avanzada, el fallo renal agudo y la necesidad de fármacos vasoactivos se relacionaron con un aumento de riesgo de mortalidad en los pacientes con urosepsis secundaria a litiasis ureteral

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with urinary sepsis associated to ureteral calculi admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to identify predictors of mortality in the first 24 hours of admission. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study covering a 16-year period (2006-2011) was carried out. SETTING: The combined clinical/surgical ICU of a secondary-level University hospital. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to the ICU due to obstructive urinary sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES: We analyzed general clinical and laboratory test and urological data. The diagnostic technique, affected side, decompression technique, isolated microorganism and antibiotic therapy used were also considered. The assessment of risk factors was performed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients admitted to the ICU were included in the study, with a mortality rate of 19.6%. The diagnosis was mainly established by ultrasound, and the most commonly used decompression technique was retrograde JJ stenting. Microorganisms were isolated in 48.6% of the patients. In total, 20.6% of the patients had bacteremia. Multivariate analysis found age, acute renal failure and the use of vasoactive drugs administered continuously for the first 24hours of admission to be independently associated to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, acute renal failure and the need for vasoactive drugs were associated to an increased risk of mortality in patients with urinary sepsis associated to upper urinary tract calculi

Complicaciones graves en la intubación orotraqueal en cuidados intensivos: estudio observacional y análisis de factores de riesgo / Severe complications of orotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit: An observational study and analysis of risk factors

Objetivo Conocer las características de los procedimientos de intubación orotraqueal (IOT) en una Unidad de Medicina Intensiva, describir las complicaciones graves relacionadas con el procedimiento y los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición. Diseño Estudio prospectivo de cohorte, observacional, durante un periodo de 2 años. Ámbito Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos polivalente de un hospital universitario de segundo nivel. Pacientes Se incluyeron todas las IOT (309 procedimientos) realizadas por el intensivista. Intervenciones Ninguna. Variables de interés principal Datos clínicos previos a la IOT, durante y posintubación, motivo de IOT y sus complicaciones. Análisis de factores de riesgo mediante regresión logística múltiple. Resultados El 76% de las IOT se realizaron de forma inmediata. Se llevaron a cabo mayoritariamente por el médico interno residente de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (60%). El 34% de los procedimientos presentaron complicaciones graves con alteración respiratoria (16%), hemodinámica (5%) o ambas (10%). Fallecieron 3 pacientes (1%) y presentaron parada cardiaca el 2% de los casos. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que la edad (OR 1,1; IC 95%: 1,1-1,2), la tensión arterial sistólica≤90mmHg (OR 3,0; IC 95%: 1,4-6,4) y la SapO2≤90% (OR 4,4; IC 95%: 2,3-8,1) previos a la intubación, la presencia de secreciones (OR 2,2; IC 95%: 1,1-4,6) y la necesidad de más de un intento (OR 3,5; IC 95%: 1,4-8,7) fueron factores independientes para la aparición de complicaciones. Conclusiones La IOT del paciente crítico se asocia a complicaciones respiratorias y hemodinámicas. Los factores de riesgo independientes relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones fueron la edad avanzada, la hipotensión, la hipoxemia previa, las secreciones y la necesidad de más de un intento (AU)

Objective A study is made to determine the characteristics of endotracheal intubation (ETI) procedures performed in an Intensive Care Unit, and to describe the associated severe complications and related risk factors. Design A prospective cohort study involving a 2-year period was carried out. Setting The combined clinical/surgical Intensive Care Unit in a secondary university hospital. Patients All ETIs carried out by intensivists were included. Interventions None. Main variables We analyzed the data associated with the patient, the procedure and the postoperative complications after intubation. The study of risk factors was performed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results Seventy-six percent of the ETIs were performed immediately. Most of them were carried out by Intensive Care Units residents (60%). A total of 34% of the procedures had severe complications, including respiratory (16%) or hemodynamic (5%) disorders, or both (10%). Three patients died (1%), and 2% of the subjects experienced cardiac arrest. Logistic regression analysis identified the following independent risk factors for complications: age (OR 1.1; 95% CI: 1.1-1.2), systolic blood pressure≤90mmHg (OR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4-6.4) and SpO2≤90% (OR 4.4; 95% CI: 2.3-8.1) prior to intubation, the presence of secretions (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.6), and the need for more than one ETI attempt (OR 3.5; 95% CI: 1.4-8.7).Conclusions ETI in Intensive Care Unit patients is associated with respiratory and hemodynamic complications. The independent risk factors associated with the development of complications were advanced age, hypotension and previous hypoxemia, the presence of secretions, and the need for more than one ETI attempt (AU)

[Severe complications of orotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit: An observational study and analysis of risk factors]. / Complicaciones graves en la intubación orotraqueal en cuidados intensivos: estudio observacional y análisis de factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: A study is made to determine the characteristics of endotracheal intubation (ETI) procedures performed in an Intensive Care Unit, and to describe the associated severe complications and related risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study involving a 2-year period was carried out. SETTING: The combined clinical/surgical Intensive Care Unit in a secondary university hospital. PATIENTS: All ETIs carried out by intensivists were included. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES: We analyzed the data associated with the patient, the procedure and the postoperative complications after intubation. The study of risk factors was performed using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of the ETIs were performed immediately. Most of them were carried out by Intensive Care Units residents (60%). A total of 34% of the procedures had severe complications, including respiratory (16%) or hemodynamic (5%) disorders, or both (10%). Three patients died (1%), and 2% of the subjects experienced cardiac arrest. Logistic regression analysis identified the following independent risk factors for complications: age (OR 1.1; 95% CI: 1.1-1.2), systolic blood pressure≤90mmHg (OR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4-6.4) and SpO2≤90% (OR 4.4; 95% CI: 2.3-8.1) prior to intubation, the presence of secretions (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.6), and the need for more than one ETI attempt (OR 3.5; 95% CI: 1.4-8.7). CONCLUSIONS: ETI in Intensive Care Unit patients is associated with respiratory and hemodynamic complications. The independent risk factors associated with the development of complications were advanced age, hypotension and previous hypoxemia, the presence of secretions, and the need for more than one ETI attempt.

[Mortality predictive factors in patients with urinary sepsis associated to upper urinary tract calculi]. / Factores predictores de mortalidad en la sepsis urinaria con obstrucción ureteral.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with urinary sepsis associated to ureteral calculi admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to identify predictors of mortality in the first 24 hours of admission. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study covering a 16-year period (2006-2011) was carried out. SETTING: The combined clinical/surgical ICU of a secondary-level University hospital. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to the ICU due to obstructive urinary sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES: We analyzed general clinical and laboratory test and urological data. The diagnostic technique, affected side, decompression technique, isolated microorganism and antibiotic therapy used were also considered. The assessment of risk factors was performed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients admitted to the ICU were included in the study, with a mortality rate of 19.6%. The diagnosis was mainly established by ultrasound, and the most commonly used decompression technique was retrograde JJ stenting. Microorganisms were isolated in 48.6% of the patients. In total, 20.6% of the patients had bacteremia. Multivariate analysis found age, acute renal failure and the use of vasoactive drugs administered continuously for the first 24 hours of admission to be independently associated to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, acute renal failure and the need for vasoactive drugs were associated to an increased risk of mortality in patients with urinary sepsis associated to upper urinary tract calculi.

[Pediatric critical care in an adult ICU. Utility of the PIM index]. / Atención del paciente crítico pediátrico en una UCI de adultos. Utilidad del índice PIM.

OBJECTIVES: An analysis is made of the characteristics of patients younger than 14 years treated in an adult ICU (AICU), to determine the procedures and techniques required by such patients, and to evaluate the use of the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) in stratifying severity. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: An AICU of a second level hospital. PATIENTS: We studied 130 patients aged from 1 month to 14 years (average age 6.1±4 years) treated in the AICU from January 1997 to December 2010. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Clinical-demographic parameters, diagnosis, clinical procedures, PIM score, length of stay, transfer to pediatric ICU (PICU), and mortality. Classification by destination (AICU, PICU) and outcome (alive, dead). PIM and assessment of the diagnostic performance curve (ROC) for mortality. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 6.1±4 years. Most common diagnoses: trauma (26.9%) and sepsis (22.3%). Main procedures: mechanical ventilation (58.5%), central venous line (74.6%) and vasoactive drugs (20%). A total of 64.6% were transferred to PICU, and the overall mortality was 13%. Patients who stayed in the AICU were older (8.2±4 vs 5.5±4 years, p<0.001), had low morbidity, and their stay was short (44.5±38 hours). The PIM score was significantly higher in the patients who died (60±20 AICU, 38±30 PICU) than in those who survived (4±1 AICU, 9±1 PICU) (p<0.001). ROC curve with AUC=0.91 (95%CI: 0.85 to 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The PIM score can stratify severity and identify patients at an increased risk of death. Critical child care in the AICU requires the presence of adequate materials and the continuous learning of procedures adapted to pediatric patients in order to ensure adequate care.

Clasificación de los trastornos mentales en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / No disponible

Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia y características del trastorno mental (TM) en la UCI y definir una clasificación adaptada al entorno de UCI. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Ámbito: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos polivalente del Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lérida. Pacientes: Se incluyó 146 pacientes que ingresaron con TM durante un periodo de 5 anos (1 de enero de 2004 a 31 de diciembre de 2008).Variables de interés: Variables generales: clínico-demográficas, diagnóstico, procedimientos, gravedad, estancia y mortalidad. Variables específicas: antecedentes psiquiátricos, screening de tóxicos, valoración psiquiátrica, seguimiento y traslado a centro psiquiátrico. Clasificacióndel TM: 1) intoxicación aguda por sustancias (IS), 2) intento autolítico (IA) y 3) trastorno mental asociado al diagnóstico principal (TA).Resultados: Un total de 146 pacientes con TM (7,8%). Predominio de varones (74%) y más jóvenes(43,9 vs 55,3 anos, p < 0,001). La estancia en la UCI fue más corta (4 días vs 7 días, p < 0,001) y ˜hubo menor mortalidad hospitalaria (17,1 vs 25%, p < 0,05). Sin diferencias en nivel de gravedad pero más incidencia de neumonía (19,9 vs 13,8%, p < 0,05). El grupo IS (24,7%), más jóvenes, el grupo IA (36,3%) con predominio de mujeres y TA (39%) con estancia y mortalidad más altas. La consulta a Psiquiatría se realizó prioritariamente en IA (62,3%).Conclusiones: El TM es un problema relativamente frecuente en UCI. La colaboración con Psiquiatría es minoritaria y debe ser potenciada para conseguir un manejo integral del paciente crítico con TM (AU)

Purpose: To determine the incidence and characteristics of mental disorders (MD) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to define a classification system adapted to the ICU environment. Design: A retrospective, descriptive analysis. Setting: Intensive Care Unit, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital in Lérida (Spain).Patients: All patients with MD admitted during 5-year period (January, 1 2004 to December 31,2008).Main variables: General variables included clinical-demographic data, diagnostic variables, procedures, severity score, length of stay and mortality. Specific variables included psychiatric history, screening for substance abuse, psychiatric assessment, monitoring and transfer to a psychiatric center. Classification of the MD was as follows: 1) acute substance intoxication(SI); 2) suicide attempts (SA); and 3) MD associated with the main diagnosis (AMD).Results: A total of 146 patients had MD (7.8%); they were predominantly male (74%) and were younger than the general ICU population (43.9 vs. 55.3 years, p < 0.001). The ICU stays of the patients with MDs were shorter (4 days vs. 7 days, p < 0.001), and there was less hospital mortality (17.1 vs. 25%, p < 0.05). They also showed a higher incidence of pneumonia (19.9 vs. 13.8%,p < 0.05), but no differences in the level of severity were observed. The SI group (24.7%) contained the highest number of young people; the SA group (36.3%) showed a predominance of women; and the AMD (39%) group had the longest stays and the highest mortality. Psychiatric consultation was carried out mainly in the SA group (62.3%).Conclusions: MD is a relatively common problem in the ICU. Collaboration with the Psychiatry Department seldom occurs, but must be encouraged to develop fully integrated management of critical patients with MD (AU)

[Classification of mental disorders in the Intensive Care Unit]. / Clasificación de los trastornos mentales en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and characteristics of mental disorders (MD) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to define a classification system adapted to the ICU environment. DESIGN: A retrospective, descriptive analysis. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital in Lérida (Spain). PATIENTS: All patients with MD admitted during 5-year period (January, 1 2004 to December 31, 2008). MAIN VARIABLES: General variables included clinical-demographic data, diagnostic variables, procedures, severity score, length of stay and mortality. Specific variables included psychiatric history, screening for substance abuse, psychiatric assessment, monitoring and transfer to a psychiatric center. Classification of the MD was as follows: 1) acute substance intoxication (SI); 2) suicide attempts (SA); and 3) MD associated with the main diagnosis (AMD). RESULTS: A total of 146 patients had MD (7.8%); they were predominantly male (74%) and were younger than the general ICU population (43.9 vs. 55.3 years, p<0.001). The ICU stays of the patients with MDs were shorter (4 days vs. 7 days, p<0.001), and there was less hospital mortality (17.1 vs. 25%, p<0.05). They also showed a higher incidence of pneumonia (19.9 vs. 13.8%, p<0.05), but no differences in the level of severity were observed. The SI group (24.7%) contained the highest number of young people; the SA group (36.3%) showed a predominance of women; and the AMD (39%) group had the longest stays and the highest mortality. Psychiatric consultation was carried out mainly in the SA group (62.3%). CONCLUSIONS: MD is a relatively common problem in the ICU. Collaboration with the Psychiatry Department seldom occurs, but must be encouraged to develop fully integrated management of critical patients with MD.

Réplica. Utilidad de las escalas de gravedad en el transporte interhospitalario / Utility of the severity scales in interhospital transport. Reply

No disponible